Human papillomavirus, better known as HPV, is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the world. In fact, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that nearly 80% of sexually active people will contract HPV at some point in their lives. Despite how widespread it is, many people remain unaware that they are infected because HPV often causes no obvious symptoms in its early stages.
This lack of awareness makes HPV both widespread and potentially dangerous, as certain strains can lead to serious health conditions, including genital warts, cervical cancer, and other types of cancer. Understanding the signs, risk factors, and potential complications of HPV can make a life‑changing difference.
Below, we’ll dive into everything you need to know about the warning signs of HPV, how the infection manifests in men and women, why early detection is crucial, and what steps you can take to protect yourself and your loved ones.
What Is HPV?
HPV is a group of more than 150 related viruses, each labeled with a number known as a “type.” These viruses are transmitted through intimate skin‑to‑skin contact, usually during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. However, HPV doesn’t always require sexual intercourse to spread — even close genital contact can be enough.
Not all types of HPV are the same. Experts categorize them into two main groups:
Low‑risk HPV types: These are less likely to lead to cancer but can cause genital warts or mild abnormalities in cells.
High‑risk HPV types: These can cause changes in cells that, if left untreated, may develop into cancer. The most common high‑risk strains are HPV‑16 and HPV‑18, which together are responsible for the majority of HPV‑related cancers.
Why HPV Often Goes Unnoticed
One of the most troubling aspects of HPV is that many people have no symptoms at all. You can be infected for years without realizing it — all while unknowingly passing it on to partners. For some, the virus may clear up on its own, but for others, it lingers and causes complications.
Because symptoms are not always present, regular medical checkups and screenings (like Pap smears for women) play a critical role in catching HPV before it becomes dangerous.
Common Signs of HPV
While not everyone shows signs, when symptoms do appear, they often fall into two main categories: genital warts and abnormal cell changes. Let’s break down the key signs you should be aware of.
1. Genital Warts
Appearance: Small, flesh‑colored or darker bumps on the skin.
Texture: They can be flat, raised, or cauliflower‑like in shape.
Location in Women: On the vulva, cervix, vagina, or around the anus.
Location in Men: On the penis, scrotum, groin, or around the anus.
Symptoms: Usually painless, though some people may notice itching, discomfort, or minor bleeding if warts are irritated.
While genital warts themselves are not life‑threatening, they can cause emotional distress and, if untreated, may spread further or grow in size and number.
2. Abnormal Pap Smear Results (Women)
Women may not notice any visible signs but can discover HPV through routine Pap tests. HPV can cause changes in cervical cells, sometimes called dysplasia. If untreated, these abnormal cells can lead to cervical cancer.
3. Respiratory Issues (Rare)
In rare cases, HPV can cause recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) — a condition where warts grow in the airways, leading to hoarseness, chronic coughing, or breathing problems.
4. Other Cancer-Related Signs
High‑risk HPV strains can affect areas beyond the cervix. In advanced cases, HPV may cause cancers in the:
Cervix
Throat and tonsils (oropharyngeal cancer)
Anus
Vulva or vagina
Penis
Symptoms of HPV‑related cancers can vary but may include:
Unusual bleeding
Pain during sex
Persistent sore throat or hoarseness
Lumps or growths in the genital or anal area
Unexplained weight loss or fatigue
How HPV Affects Men vs. Women
Though HPV impacts both genders, its consequences may differ.
Women: Higher risk of cervical cancer, making Pap smears and HPV testing critical.
Men: More likely to be asymptomatic carriers but still at risk of genital warts and HPV‑related cancers, such as penile or throat cancer.
Both: Can pass the virus to partners even without symptoms.
Risk Factors That Increase HPV Infection
Certain factors make individuals more vulnerable to HPV infection:
Having multiple sexual partners
Beginning sexual activity at a young age
Having unprotected sex
A weakened immune system (such as from illness or medication)
History of other sexually transmitted infections
Smoking (which weakens the immune system and makes the body more vulnerable to infection)
When to See a Doctor
It’s important not to ignore symptoms or unusual changes in your body. Make an appointment with a healthcare professional if you notice:
Bumps, growths, or unusual lesions in the genital or anal area
Persistent itching, discomfort, or bleeding
Abnormal Pap smear results
Ongoing sore throat, ear pain, or difficulty swallowing (possible signs of throat HPV)
How HPV Is Diagnosed
Visual Exam: Doctors can often diagnose genital warts by appearance.
Pap Smear (Women): Detects abnormal cervical cells.
HPV Test: Identifies high‑risk strains of the virus, often performed alongside a Pap smear.
Biopsy: If abnormal cells are found, a small tissue sample may be tested.
Treatment Options
There is currently no cure for the virus itself, but there are effective ways to treat its symptoms and reduce risks.
Genital Warts: Treated with prescription creams, cryotherapy (freezing), laser therapy, or surgical removal.
Abnormal Cervical Cells: May require procedures such as LEEP (loop electrosurgical excision) or cryotherapy.
HPV-Related Cancers: Managed with standard cancer treatments like surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation.
Can HPV Be Prevented?
The good news is that HPV is preventable in many cases.
HPV Vaccine: Safe and highly effective. It protects against the most dangerous strains, including those most likely to cause cancer. Recommended for both boys and girls, ideally before becoming sexually active.
Safe Sex Practices: Using condoms and dental dams can reduce, but not completely eliminate, HPV risk.
Regular Screenings: Pap smears, HPV tests, and checkups are vital.
Healthy Lifestyle: Strengthening your immune system through good nutrition, exercise, and avoiding smoking can help your body fight off the virus.
Emotional Impact of HPV
Beyond the physical symptoms, HPV can take a heavy emotional toll. Many people experience feelings of:
Embarrassment or shame
Fear of rejection in relationships
Anxiety about long‑term health risks
Guilt, despite the infection being extremely common and often unavoidable
It’s important to remember: HPV is not a reflection of your worth or character. Support from healthcare providers, partners, and counselors can help you navigate the mental health aspects of living with HPV.
Final Thoughts
HPV is far more common than most people realize, and while it can feel overwhelming, being informed is the first step toward protecting your health. Knowing the early signs — like genital warts, abnormal Pap smear results, or unexplained growths — can make all the difference in seeking timely care.
With preventive measures like the HPV vaccine, regular screenings, and safe sexual practices, you can greatly reduce your risk of serious complications. If you notice any concerning symptoms, reach out to your healthcare provider without delay.
Your health is worth protecting — and HPV is a challenge you don’t have to face alone.